Importance of Mother - 3443 Words

The Importance of the Presence of the Mother During the First Three Years Organized by Sheila Kippley (February 28, 2005) Purpose Mothers have told me that they have been influenced by those experts and writers who state that the presence of the mother during the early years is extremely important to their child’s optimal development. This knowledge has helped them to make decisions that enable them to remain with their children or at least cut back on their hours away from their little ones. There are many different views on how to raise children, but this is not the place to have a discussion on parenting issues. Many experts and ordinary persons agree that the mother plays an important role in the development of her child, emotionally,†¦show more content†¦47-48, 172. â€Å"A baby must have a mother, a mother who is mature enough to attend to its needs and provide so-called object constancy for a minimum of three years... The mothering function is one of the most important of all human events but, unfortunately, one of the least appreciated or regarded by society.† Harold Voth, M.D., Medical Times, November 1980. â€Å"Let me once again emphasize that the natural transitions between sexual intercourse, pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding, and early childhood form a cohesive physiological basis for the development of maternal-infant attachment as it gradually progresses from conception to weaning in the second or third year of life. No amount of technology will improve on this biologically determined pattern that was set in place by a personal Creator, nor can anything that is artificially produced fully replace the spiritual significance and the emotional satisfaction that these experiences can produce in a woman’s life.† Debra Evans, Heart Home, p. 133. â€Å"In the first three years of life every human being undergoes yet a second birth, in which he is born as a psychological being possessing selfhood and separate identity. The quality of self an infant achieves in those crucial three years will profoundly affect all of his subsequent existence.†Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Mother In Life1459 Words   |  6 PagesCeleste’s, and Veronica felt like she was having an honest to god, out of body experience. She was just somewhere else, high above the corner booth of Ruggierio’s, completely out of earshot of the entire conversation she was having with her not-to-be mother-in-law. â€Å"You want my engagement ring back,† Veronica stuttered the words out, trying to make sense of the whole scene, trying to call herself back from the faraway void she wished she was in. â€Å"You’re asking me for my ring back,† she repeatedRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A Working Mother1052 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversy lies on working mothers mainly due to the growing concerns for the child’s well-being. It is important to see the negative aspects of being a working mother as well as the positive outcomes. First and foremost the term mother must be addressed. In this _____ the term mother will refer to ______. In a study done, the mothers working schedule was evaluated in order to see if it was correlated with the child’s behavior. This study was mainly focused on low income mothers working a non-traditionalRead MoreThe Importance of Child Bond to His Mother1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe primal importance of a child s bond to his mother has always been recognized as a topic that has fascinated people for hundreds of years. Among psychologists and sociologists, there is much debate about exactly how important this attachment is and why. At the turn of the century, the treatment of new-born babies was regarded as having little significance for later life, because babies were thought to be immune to influence. Such idea was attacked by Sigmund Freud. He believed the relationshipRead MoreThe Importance Of A Secure Mother Child Relationship1481 Words   |  6 PagesI strongly believe that a secure mother-child relationship is highly important in the later development of a person. The influence that a mother has on her child can later lead to important aspects needed for life; these may include behavioural/social skills, cognitive abilities, emotion and even on the personality of the child. Not only can a good relationship help nurture these positive characteristics but also prevent later difficulties in life such as trauma. There are two types of attachmentRead MoreImportance Of Routine Procedures On The Mother / Child Relationship Essay2461 Words   |  10 Pages L to importance of the relationship between the mot her and her newborn child is never exaggerated, it is precisely this relationship that arise all other relationships. The research of the past 25 years has shown that the contact between the mother and her newborn baby during the first hours after birth can establish patterns that last a lifetime and are extremely difficult to change later. This raises serious questions about the routine procedures of many maternity hospitals where separationRead Moreâ€Å"the Importance of Mother Tongue-Based Schooling for Educational Quality†1959 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The Importance of Mother Tongue-Based Schooling for Educational Quality† SOURCE: Commissioned study for EFA Global Monitoring Report 2005 Carol Benson, Ph.D. Centre for Research on Bilingualism Stockholm University 14 April 2004 Part A: Overview While there are many factors involved in delivering quality basic education, language is clearly the key to communication and understanding in the classroom. Many developing countries are characterized by individual as well as societal multilingualismRead MoreThe Importance of Mothers in All Over but the Shoutin’ by Rick Bragg709 Words   |  3 Pageswhat every mother should have through his mother. The only woman that Bragg truly cares for and takes time out of his day is for his mother Margaret Marie. Bragg tries to do the best for his mother and tries his best to make her proud of him. Bragg learned early in life that his mother strived to give her children everything possible. For Mrs. Bragg her children are the reason she wakes up everyday and tries to make a better life for them. No matter what actions or words a mother chooses, toRead MoreRomeo and Juliet - the Nurse Fills the Role of Juliet’s Mother and Friar Laurence Acts as Romeo’s Father. Discuss the Importance of These Characters in Romeo and Juliet. 1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nurse fills the role of Juliet’s mother and Friar Laurence acts as Romeo’s father. Discuss the importance of these characters in Romeo and Juliet. In Shakespeare’s marvellous play Romeo and Juliet, we witness an unreal love affair between two teenagers in Fair Verona who are guided by two major characters: the Nurse, and Friar Laurence. Both of these characters each help accompany both Romeo and Juliet in their four day adventure through the ups and downs of one of the most powerful forcesRead More Comparing the Family of Kingsolver’s Bean Trees with the Ideal Family of Socrates1035 Words   |  5 Pageshis parents (457 d). It was Socrates belief that the best atmosphere would be created in a communal upbringing of the citys children. In the same sense, he believed that they should take every precaution to insure that no mother knows her own child (460 c). Not even the mother, the traditional child-rearer, would be permitted to know or have a say in the lives of her own children, but in all of the children as a whole. Likewise, Barbara Kingsolver presents many similar ideas of family in her novelRead MoreJoy Lu ck Club by Amy Tan Essay762 Words   |  4 PagesTraditions, heritage and culture are three of the most important aspects of Chinese culture. Passed down from mother to daughter, these traditions are expected to carry on for years to come. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, daughters Waverly, Lena, Rose and June thoughts about their culture are congested by Americanization while on their quests towards self-actualization. Each daughter struggles to find balance between Chinese heritage and American values through marriage and professional careers

Brand Community Analysis Free Essays

Brand Community Analysis As the development of communication technology and global market, the concept of Brand Community was fist defined as ‘a specialized, non-geographically bound community, based on a structured set of social relationships among admirers of a brand’ by two social scientists, Albert M. Muniz, JR and Thomas C. O’Guinn (2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Brand Community Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will firstly give a brief overview of brand community, and then point out three main characteristics and further discuss these features of brand community based on the article by Muniz and O’Guinn (2001) using the supporters of Manchester United Football Club as an example. Brand community is a customer-customer-brand triad. It reflects on a collection of brand-centric social group stressing the use of brand and the relationship formed by emotion between consumers (Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001). Furthermore, McAlexander, Schouten and Koenig (2002) have extended this model to the extent that brand community is actually a customer-centric network and aim to provide customer special brand-related consumption experience. They have also emphasized the concept of brand experience in a community. Any brand experience comes from the interaction among members, and at the same time customers also construct the meaning of the brand in the process of interaction and experience. Subsequently, by the research in the abandoned Apple Newton, Muniz and Schau (2005) found brand community can be regarded to a kind of religious affiliation. Manchester United Football Club (MUFC) is a famous professional football team founded in 1878 in England. It is the best supported in Europe (Rice, 2009) and probably the most popular football club in the world. According to the article by Cass (2007) from Daily Mail, the number of worldwide MUFC supporters was closed to 333 million in 2007. In this case, I assume the fans of MUFC all are the members of the club community and they principally consume match tickets and club-related products. Muniz and O’Guinn (2001) raised 3 basic characteristics for brand community, like other traditional communities, which respectively were a shared consciousness, rituals and traditions and a sense of moral responsibility. The most important shared consciousness is group awareness. It means there is an implicit relationship between community members and members can be distinct from others. Rituals and traditions is a vital social process. Brand and the meaning of brand community with their history, culture and consciousness can be duplicated and passed on through ritual and traditions. Moral responsibility indicates that community members are responsible for each other. These 3 characteristics show the nature of brand community. For the sense of consciousness, members feel a great relation toward one another is more important than the connection to the brand (Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001). That is why two main organisations for MUFC supporters in the UK, Independent Manchester United Supporters Association (IMUSA) and Manchester United Supporters Trust (MUST), were established to let like-minded people join together and formed local communities. IMUSA has even set up a committee to better represent the interest and voice of supports. Supporters from all around the world can also just easily use web-based communication tools such as Twitter, Facebook, and forums like MUFC fansforum (http://community. manutd. com/forums/) to share updated news and maintain connections. On the other hand, members, ‘also set them apart from others and makes them similar to one another’ Muniz and O’Guinn (2001) claimed, especially try to distinct them from the main competitive brand in the market. This regards to oppositional brand loyalty. In this MUFC case, the oppositional brand is its main rivalry in the Premier league located in the same city – Manchester City Football Club (MCFC). Fans from MUFC always differentiate them against MCFC supporters. Members usually said MCFC is built by money, just an upstart and a noisy neighbour. Most of the community members despise this kind of team because they think MUFC has the glories that MCFC lack of and embodies the passion and excitement of the world’s most popular sport (Hill and Vincent, 2006). Muniz and O’Guinn (2001) indicated rituals and traditions focus on sharing consumption experience with the brand. Supporters sing several specific songs during the match regarding to different circumstances to encourage and cheer the team. Those songs have already become a kind of spiritual symbol of the MUFC brand, and therefore will be passed on each time they are sung in matches. Celebrating the history of the brand is crucial for maintaining community and reproducing culture (Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001). For the MUFC community, the most vital history is the trophies they gained. After MUFC won their 19th English top league title last season, the Barclays Premiership Trophy Cup was being demonstrated around the world for the whole summer in 2011. This tour is not only presenting the precious trophy cup to supporters but also a promotion of the great history of MUFC to further raise reputation and attract new members. Sharing brand stories is another important means of maintaining and creating community (Muniz and O’Guinn, 2001). MUFC fans always mention either face to face or on internet about the classic victory of the champion league final in 1999 in Munich. This can be related to viral marketing by which positive image and consciousness of the brand and community can be delivered through word of mouth or improved by the internet network effects. ‘The sense of moral responsibility is what produces collective action and contributes to group cohesion’ Muniz and O’Guinn (2001) said. There are two traditional shared missions: intergrading and retaining members and assisting members in the proper use of the brand. Firstly, it is crucial to retain existing members and obtain new ones. The fundamental way for MUFC to save and fascinate supporters is to keep winning. Getting consistent good record and reputation will really help the brand to attract and retain members. MUFC also gives discount to the existing official members to renew their membership and buy season tickets in the following year. Thus members can gain benefit from their loyalty. Secondly, moral responsibility also provides assistant normally in problem solving and shares brand-related information. For instance, members share transport information in away games on fansforum. In conclusion, the notion of brand community has been extended in recent years and become a usual marketing phenomenon. The three key characteristics represent the essence of brand community and each of them has its own manifestation. Due to the improvement of communication way, members of brand community are more convenient to communicate and the brand is also easier to build connection with customers and create brand communities. Looking to the future, I believe brand community will become a crucial and staple marketing strategy. Reference: Cass, Bob (2007). â€Å"United moving down south as fanbase reaches 333 million†. Daily Mail (London: Associated Newspapers); 15 December 2007. Manchester United official fansforum: http://community. manutd. com/forums/t/84281. aspx Manchester United Membership benefit: http://www. manutd. com/en/One-United/Member-Benefits. aspx McAlexander, J H, Schouten , J W, and Koenig , H F. Building brand community[J ] . Journal of Marketing; Jan 2002; 66, 1; ABI/INFORM Global p. 8 Muniz Albert M. Jr. and Thomas C. O’Guinn (2001), Brand Community, Journal of Consumer Research; March 2001; 27, 4; ABI/INFORM Global p. 412 Muniz Albert M. Jr. and Schau, H J. (2005), Religiosity in the Abandoned Apple Newton Brand Community, Journal of Consumer Research; Mar 2005; 31, 4; ABI/INFORM Global p. 737 Rice, Simon (6 November 2009). â€Å"Manchester United top of the 25 best supp orted clubs in Europe†. The Independent (London: Independent Print). Vincent, John, Hill, John S. (2006) Globalisation and sports branding: the case of Manchester United. How to cite Brand Community Analysis, Essay examples

An Outpost of Progress Infobox free essay sample

Notes for the Teachers One Language – Many Voices Joseph Conrad: An Outpost of Progress INfO-BOx Cultural and historical background The colonization of Central Africa did not set in until the very end of the 19th century, when ‘the scramble for Africa’ – the race of European powers to divide the continent among themselves – got under way: In 1870 European countries owned only 10% of Africa, by 1900 it was 90%. For a long time access to the huge territories in the Congo River basin was considered impossible due to the impenetrable forests and the impassable rapids of the river itself, which served as a barrier to European exploitation.The adventurer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley gained the interest and support of the Belgian King Leopold II for his expeditions into the Congo basin ‘to prove that the Congo natives were susceptible of civilization and that the Congo basin was rich enough to repay exploitation’. In the name of Leopold II he appropriated land and labour for the king’s newly founded ‘Association Internationale du Congo’. Leopold’s claim to the Congo was recognized at the International Africa Conference in Berlin in 1884–1885, presided over by Bismarck. The Congo Free State, as it was ironically called, was confirmed as the private property of King Leopold II in return for guarantees of neutrality, free trade and opposition to slavery. The Congo Free State, 1900 next to nothing, apart from small amounts of cloth, beads or brass rods. The rubber boom started in the mid-1890s due to the increasing industrial demand from Europe. While the rubber trade made a fortune for Leopold II, it led to the extreme brutalization of the local population. Under Leopold’s ownership approximately 10 million Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease.To enforce the rubber quotas, the Force Publique (FP) was called in. The FP was an army, but its aim was not to defend the country, but to terrorize the population, which it did by cutting off the limbs of the natives; this practice was disturbingly widespread. When news of these atrocities reached Europe, there was a public outcry; the British parliament asked Roger Casement to make an inquiry into the situation in the country. The result of his enquiry was the famous Congo Report (1904). Casement had been a British diplomat in the Congo, where he met Conrad and whose Heart of Darkness (1899) had deeply influenced him.In 1903 Conrad wrote to Casement saying, ‘there exists in Africa a Congo State, created by the act of European powers, where ruthless, systematic cruelty towards the blacks is the basis of the administration’. Conrad’s novel also contributed to a widespread knowledge of the colonial abuses and crimes taking place in Africa. In 1908 Leopold II was forced to sell the Congo Free State to the Belgian government, which annexed it as a Belgian colony until its independence in 1960, when it was named Zaire. Its history since then has not been much happier. Following the secessionist Katanga CivilWar, the country was brutalized under the dictatorship of President Mobutu. In 1997, when Mobutu was overthrown by the rebel leader Laurent Kabila, the country was renamed The Democratic Republic of the Congo. Torn between ethnic strife and civil wars, involving refugees from Rwanda and Burundi and displacements from Sudan, the country is still unstable. Biographical aspects Ivory and rubber were the main sources of income for King Leopold’s company and its agents: they and their African auxiliaries seized all the ivory that could be found, buying tusks from villages for a pittance, or simply confiscating them.They were working on a lucrative commission structure imposed by the King in 1890, of which the African elephant hunters received 26 As captain of a steamship, Joseph Conrad travelled up the Congo River to Central Africa and the heart of the Congo in 1890, and then went on an overland track to Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). As we kn ow from his diaries and letters, which he wrote in English, he was deeply concerned with the greed of Belgian (and other European) merchants, the abuses of colonial powers and atrocities committed by white managers and their black auxiliaries, always in the name of a missionary and rogressive spirit to ‘enlighten the dark continent’. But he also met with what he thought to be cannibalism, and was confused Notes for the Teachers by the natives’ drums and ‘wild savagery’. His decision to resign from his post as captain was as much caused by his ill health as by his desire to become a writer. It has been said that ‘Africa killed Conrad the sailor and strengthened Conrad the writer’1 In his extensive writings (over 40 works of fiction of various length) the themes of travel and the pursuit of material and idealistic goals as well as isolation, ambition and failure can be said to be drawn from his own experiences.Conrad: An Outpost of Progress His deep-rooted scepticism of imperialism can be linked to his Polish background: born into a nation which had vanished from the map after being annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1795, and into a family which had opposed Russian oppression and been exiled to Ukraine, Conrad had good reason to question the right of stronger powers to impose their wills on smaller nations. 1 Jean-Aubry, Georges. Joseph Conrad in the Congo. New York: Haskell, 1973. Interpretation Summary Kayerts and Carlier are p ut in charge of a remote and unpromising trading station on a river.

Micro and macro environments of Pick n Pay free essay sample

The micro environment is the smallest of the three environments. This is the environment that is influenced by the market and the macro environments. Pick n Pay can control their beliefs and visions in such a way that customers become used to the way they operate. Some of their values include: honesty, integrity, freedom of speech, the best deals for their customers, a good service for their customers, staff benefits and a chance for staff members to be promoted, reward and innovation and taking individual responsibility. Pick n Pay always promises their customers fresh vegetables and fruit and will go out of their way to make sure that this takes place, if a certain type of fruit or vegetable cannot be found in that season they will note the customers of this problem and apologise for the inconvenience. Pick n Pay is a company that cares for its people, we believe in relationships; you don’t come here looking for a job, but for a career. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro and macro environments of Pick n Pay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Pick n Pay official website, 19 March 2014). This shoes how much of a family business Pick n Pay is, it does this to create a â€Å"home† feeling where you can enjoy shopping. Pick n Pay’s goal is to make sure that people can look after themselves and fend for themselves at the same time as looking out for others and making sure that the community and the people around them are as well off as themselves. Pick n Pay wishes to enhance and develop their skills for the future and to continue making the lives of other people better. Market environment: The market environment surrounds the micro environment. There are many franchises of the company around South Africa and expanding northwards to other African countries. Pick n Pay has an online shopping facility to bridge a gap between the customers and the actual store itself. By using online shopping, customers who cannot get to the shop can now purchase items at the tip of their fingers, elderly people can shop for themselves and choose what they would prefer rather than getting a helper to do their grocery and clothes shopping and coming back home with items they don’t enjoy. Pick n Pay uses a term called â€Å"the four legs to the retail table† in making their business successful. These four legs consist of ‘administration,’ ‘merchandise,’ ‘advertising and social responsibility’ and the ‘people’. With these four ‘legs’ the company is able to run without a lot of complications. By advertising the company gets people to come from all over to check out their products, Pick n Pay has many advertising ideas such as making a bit of humour with the customers to put them in a good mood, for example: (Pick n Pay advertising images, 2014) These advertising ideas are clever, friendly and unique and it draws a customer’s attention. Pick n Pay wants to be able to build a comfortable and understanding relationship with their customers, Pick n Pay supplies a cash back method to attract customers by using their Smartshopper cards, this helps the employees to get a feel of peoples shopping habits and to help them with seeing when and where a promotion or sale is happening on a product they usually use. By making a good relationship with the customers, Pick n Pay is doing well with their market environment. Pick n Pay is expanding across Africa and most recent, their company will open in Auas Valley Centre and will occupy a large warehouse, as well as this there will be more parking available. Macro environment facing Pick n Pay in 2014: There is a hugely decreasing amount of ocean fish on the market which is threatening the sea food department in Pick n Pay. The WWF’s response to the deepening crisis was to seek out key retailer partners with whom to strategically work through the chain of custody, at one end informing consumers about the threat to our marine ecosystems to influence demand, while at the other engaging with the fishing industry around responsible harvesting (Pick n Pay official website, 2014). We as a community can help out this sea food crisis by supporting positive decisions made when regarding the conservation of fisheries. If we as people continue to eat illegal caught fish and seafood we will not be able to continue eating the foods we so enjoy. Weather is another factor that influences the Pick n Pay Company, for say there is not a substantial amount of rain, or the climate is not warm enough for certain plants to grow in 2014, some vegetables and fruits may not be available and this could really damage the goals and reputation of Pick n Pay.

Writing Assignment Rubric Forewarned is Forearmed

Writing Assignment Rubric Forewarned is Forearmed Writing Assignment Rubric: Forewarned is Forearmed A writing assignment rubric can be difficult to decipher. But getting acquainted with a writing rubric before you write an essay, paper, or any writing assignment is essential to getting good grades. If you don’t know what your teacher expects of you, and write something for your teacher regardless, you are willingly putting yourself in a sticky situation. So, what are the usual parts of a writing rubric and how to impress your teacher by following it? There is usually a hierarchy of categories that are attended to. The following is a list of the important things to pay attention to in order to get the highest grade for your assignments: Communicating your message. Is your content clear? Do you lose focus on the main topic during the essay? If you read your writing as a reader, can you understand it? These questions will reflect whether or not you have communicated your message properly. Writing is a form of communication. Do you write in a fancy way just for kicks? Always make sure you are understood. Organization. Do you have transitions from paragraph to paragraph? Does your essay flow easily from topic to topic, or do you feel jumps in subject matter? Did you arrange your paragraphs in the most efficient manner, so that readers can see the affect of your thesis statement? Speaking of thesis statements, they are the crux of your paper. Your main body paragraphs must reflect and expound on your thesis statement. Style. Is your tone appropriate for your assignment? Are you using informal language when it is a formal essay? Do you think your teacher would enjoy the way you are writing? The way you convey your message is important, but also the tone and character of your writing is also key. Research. Did you validate all the claims you made with in-text citations? Do you have at least three sources? Are your sources reliable, recent, and appropriate? Teachers are keen on seeing if you have used the correct citation style: MLA, APA, Chicago, and more. They are also attentive to when students make claims and do not back them up with information from studies or related research. Grammar and punctuation. Do you use commas, semicolons, colons, and periods correctly? Are your sentences fluid and easy to read? Can you state your sentences in a better order? Though the mechanics of writing is a lower level concern, if you have enough grammatical and punctuation issues, your paper can be difficult to read or even unreadable. Following the rules of mechanics allows you to deliver your message soundly, without disruption. Don’t look at it as a tedious thing. Grammar and punctuation are needed to be heard clearly by your readers. Besides knowing these main criteria, it is important, in a practical sense, to keep your rubric close to you while you write. Checking it periodically as you write is essential to making sure you don’t mess up and have to write everything over again. Also, if you are confused about something in your rubric, don’t feel shy to ask your teacher about it.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Niobium Pentoxide/Carbon Nanotubes Composites

Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Niobium Pentoxide/Carbon Nanotubes Composites Introduction In the last few years, a range of energy-storage device applications has expanded from portable electronics to large-scale energy storage systems, including renewable energy storage and electric transportation [1,2]. To fulfill the energy and power density requirements for energy applications, many researchers have given attention to the synthesis of nanomaterials based on oxides due to their chemical, physical, optical, and electronic properties [1–4]. In this way, niobium pentoxide (Nb2O5) is a promising candidate because of its semiconductor properties with a band gap of ~3.4 eV, n-type, low toxicity, surface acidity, and good chemical and thermal stabilities [3,5–8]. It has been demonstrated that Nb2O5 can deliver high power through a mainly pseudocapacitive reaction of Li-ion (Li+), which could occur not only at the surface but also in the bulk of the Nb2O5 nanocrystals in non-aqueous Li+ electrolyte [2,9]. Moreover, the intercalation pseudo-capacitive behavior was highly dependent upon the presence of a crystalline structure, where amorphous and pseudo-hexagonal (TT-Nb2O5) exhibited lower specific capacitance values than the orthorhombic (T-Nb2O5) phase, however, nanoparticles aggregation is inevitable due to the high calcination temperature (>600  °C) for the orthorhombic phase formation of Nb2O5 [10–17]. Nonetheless, the application of Nb2O5 has been hampered by low bulk electrical conductivity (~3.4Ãâ€"10-6 S.cm-1 at 300 K) and by the difficult control of the ideal crystal structure [3,10,11]. Therefore, when T-Nb2O5 nanocrystals were fabricated into a relatively thick electrode, the power performance would be limited due to the impaired mobility of electrons. A possible effective method to improve these adversities in Nb2O5 is through of surface modifications (e.g., carbon coating), which could expose more redox active nanoparticles to the electrolyte as well as greatly i mprove the electronic conductivity [1,3,11–13]. It must be noted that the introduction of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) networks can enhance electron transport of the Nb2O5 and further improve the rate capability. Physical mixing of MWCNTs and Nb2O5 nanoparticles can fabricate composite with improved conductivity, but this type of mixing fails to fulfill a good interfacial interaction between the MWCNTs and Nb2O5 [3]. Wherefore, soft-chemistry methods like oxidant-peroxo method matched with hydrothermal treatment and heating by microwaves could be a promising alternative for niobium synthesis, mainly because it is performed at low temperatures which avoids the elimination of the hydroxyl groups in as-formed surfaces resulting in a material with high surface area and greater number of acid sites [6,18,19]. In addition, carbon materials have a good microwave radiation absorption, which facilitates the interaction with other particles [20]. The use of niobium oxides for energy storage devices is already well known and exploited [21] but its performance is only obtained by a hybrid supercapacitor based on lithium intercalation processes [21] where high values of energy and power density are obtained. These intercalation processes require the application of potentials between 1 to 3 V vs. Li/Li+, a careful and humidity-free assembly scheme and non-aqueous electrolytes [16]. In this work, niobium pentoxide with different structures and morphologies were grown onto the surface of carbon nanotubes were synthesized by MHS. Moreover, we evaluated some electrochemical properties of electrodes with high mass loading on Ni foam current collectors (Fig. 1) using aqueous electrolyte, which brings the material closer to real and practical applications. Methods The acid functionalization on the MWCNTs was performed to create functional groups through a controlled functionalization of the nanotube walls, which allowed the anchoring an d growth of the Nb2O5 nanoparticles. This functionalization is accomplished by exposing the MWCNTs in a concentrated HNO3/H2SO4 (1:3) as described by Goyanes, et al. 2007 [22]. Nb2O5 nanoparticles were synthesized by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method followed by a heat treatment. The sample preparation started with the dispersion of the 50 mg of functionalized MWCNTs and 100 mg of SDS (1:2) in 100 mL of distilled H2O in an ultrasonic bath. After dispersing, 2 g of (NH4[NbO(C2O4)2(H2O)2] ·nH2O) and 1.6 mL of H2O2 were added under ultrasound frequency. The solution was ultrasonicated continuously for 30 min and then poured into a Teflon vessel reaching about 50% of its volume, the autoclave was sealed and heated in the microwave equipment (Electrolux, MEF41, Brazil). The synthesis was performed with amendments according to Marins, et al., 2017 [23], where the temperature was set at 160  °C during 30 min, under a constant pressure of approximately 6 kgf cm-2 using 2.45 GHz microwave radiation with a maximum output power of 1500 W. Temperature and pressure during synthesis were monitored and controlled with the aid of a shielded thermocouple inserted directly into the vessel and with a pressure transducer sensor connected to the vessel [5]. After cooling at r oom temperature, the obtained powders were washed and centrifuged at 5000 rpm six times with distilled H2O to remove unreacted reagents and surfactant. The washed powder was over dried with no air circulation at 50  °C for 48 h. This sample was identified as CNT+TT-Nb2O5. To obtain the samples under heat treatment, part of the powder was heated in a furnace (FT-1200 1Z, Fortelab, Brazil) at 400  °C for 120 min and 650  °C for 180 min with a heating rate of 10  °C/min under nitrogen atmosphere aiming to get the orthorhombic phase [12,22]. After cooling at room temperature, the powders were stored in an oven with no air circulation at 50  °C and identified as CNT+T-Nb2O5. PVB solution in ethanol was added to the mixture in the electrode preparation. The PVB content in the slurry was 3% of the total mass of Nb2O5 and MWCNTs to each sample. The obtained slurry was used for the impregnation of Ni foam current collectors with area of 1 cm2. The active mass loading was 32 mg cm-2.

Business Approach to the Use of Primary and Secondary Research Essay

Business Approach to the Use of Primary and Secondary Research - Essay Example According to the research findings, Primary Market Research and Secondary Market Research are the two categories of market research. In order to get an overall adjusted and faultless depiction of the requirements, demands, and needs of your business, primary and secondary market research should ideally be used in concurrence with one another. Neither can be used as a standalone tool to gather all the vital and relevant information for a successful business plan. However, using both enables a business to gather all the required data needed to identify and reach the target market. Utilizing primary research alone, without first seeing what has or has not worked for different organizations, is liable to expedite insignificant inquiries or missed chances. In the meantime, depending singularly on secondary research is prone to disadvantage you with responses that are ambiguous or inappropriate to your particular target market. Business environment research commonly entails sociographics, market size and trends, business regulations, and demographics to develop a customer and/or competitor profile. The prime focus of primary research is to gather and unearth original data. To encompass data collection and data input and then analyze the results is vital for an effective and successful business plan attempting to reach its target audience. Primary research is conducted to acquire information about the unanswered or vague questions. In order to collect relevant data, one starts from the scratch and every step of the research process needs to be completed. It can also be said that data is collected from the real world in primary research (Penn). Using various means and strategies, a business collects data on its own or hires someone to collect data and information on its behalf.  

Research methods and Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research methods and Skills - Essay Example been found to leach from plastic products, more so in high temperatures and basic or acidic conditions, such as during autoclaving.2 This becomes more alarming with the pressing problem of global warming.3 Food is also considered the most significant source of BPA exposure worldwide. In fact, BPA has already been detected in almost all of urine samples collected from USA.4 When BPA is imbibed, it is metabolized by the liver into BPA glucuronide, which is excreted through the urine.5 BPA is an estrogenic monomer that binds weakly to nuclear estrogen receptors. In fact, its binding to estrogen receptors is 1000 – 10, 000-fold lower than the natural hormone E2.6 Currently, it is now polymerized to make polycarbonate plastic, which is now extensively used in the manufacture of food and beverage cans and dental materials. The potency of BPA partly results from the low dose needed to produce a physiologic response. This is because the activation of the effector is longer than the actual hormone-receptor binding, or the number of receptors is greater than the number of molecules. Thus, despite the low affinity of BPA to the receptor, low concentrations still initiate a response. In fact, the linear concentration between receptor occupancy and hormone concentration is preserved only up to 10% receptor occupancy. Above this, saturation of response occurs first, and saturation of receptor follows.7 BPA mimics the activity of 17ÃŽ ²-estradiol, posing a strong estrogenic activity. With just 10 – 20 nM, it was seen to competitively bind to estrogen receptors, proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, induction of progesterone receptors, and reversal estrogen action by tamoxifen. It induces proliferative and stimulatory changes in estrogen targets.8 There is a major concern to public health due to its high potential for human exposure and to its demonstrated toxicity (endocrine disruptor effect). A growing number of health experts and consumers are becoming concerned

Ethnic literature Essay Example for Free

Ethnic literature Essay The definition of ethnic literature â€Å"is literature like any other, except that it contains ethnic references. † (Reilly p. 2). Another definition of ethnic literature is when there is a literature work that contain religious beliefs, racial issues, linguistics, or cultural heritage. In another word, ethnic literature is the literary work that includes particular culture, beliefs, or linguistics distinction. Postcolonial literary theory draws attention in the issue of cultural difference emerging in the society. One of the issues which may often appear during the class discussion is hybridity. It seems that people who have been faced by the fact that they are living in a ‘hybrid world’ tend to be confused by their real status. They realize for their interest, but they can not avoid the possibility becoming ‘in between’. Although , they are included into one part, the native part, but on the other hand they can not deny the deep feeling to be pleasant considering themselves different with the other. There is a kind of more value they have compared with their surround, and they think it is worthy to be kept. Of course, this feeling comes into their mind by some reasons. There must be an additional value added into their original culture. The additional value may be in the form of a new ideology, belief or view which are brought by the dominating. The dominated rarely conscious with the impact. They usually only feel that it is a natural process which become the impact of daily social interaction they are engaged in. Another issue which emerges in postcolonial discussion is about dominated-dominating one. We can not expect who actually take the role as ‘dominating’ or ‘dominated’. The practice may turn over, the dominated may become the dominating in the same time toward different object, vice versa. We are also introduced by ‘Otherness’ theory. It makes someone consider that she or he are different from the other, and other people is not the same with her or him. Gadis Tangsi tells a story about a girl life, namely Teyi. She is a Javanese girl who grew up in the Javanese tradition. She lives with his parents and sibling in tangsi area. She was taught to become an obedient girl by her mother with many limitations as a girl. She helps her mother to sell fried bananas every day. Teyi finds herself limited by some rules which are considered as the right rules for her mother. She even does not know how ‘love’ or how to be ‘loved’ by a man. She was taught to be a polite woman. She finally finds who she is when she is introduced to Putri Parasi by Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi who has helped her. That is the beginning of her new experience to recognize a new world, the world that she has never imagined before. Putri Parasi teaches her everything to be ‘a good lady’. Putri Parasi likes Teyi for her politeness. She more likes Teyi after being saved when her disease comes immediately. Putri Parasi expects to teach her how to behave well. She even teaches Teyi to speak Dutch. Teyi starts to be able to read and write. Putri Parasi really wants to prepare her to be taken to Surakarta Keraton and introduced her to a man who will be married with her. She plans to make Teyi deserve to have a husband from Keraton families. In the novel Gadis Tangsi written by Suparto Brata, we can see some unexpected phenomenon occur. It makes me realize that actually there are still many things covered even by what Javanese people considered as ‘budaya adiluhung’. The word ‘politeness’, ‘hospitality’ and ‘dignity’ which come into people mind when they heard about Javanese culture become blur after they read this novel. Javanese woman who is considered as an obedient woman and become a mercy for whom takes her as a wife may be surprised by what Suparto tells about Teyi and Dumilah. He brings them in this novel as representative of Javanese woman character, in different point of view. However, the story about them, for me, is far from the stereotype of common Javanese women (may be just a few). The feeling of ‘in between’ seem to be experienced by Teyi. She starts to know about how the way the higher status people behave since she meets Putri Parasi. Teyi realizes that her life style is quite different from her, and she is glad when she knows that Putri Parasi does not mind introducing this new culture to her. From this intentional interaction, after she is taught how to behave like ‘putri bangsawan’, Teyi starts to consider she has a chance to be the same with them. Even she lives with her parents, she starts to consider that she is better than them. She has been raised from the lower part. She has more power than the people in the house. The very obvious impact of this teaching actually appears when Teyi has been left by Putri Parasi. After she passed away, Teyi become independent from the influence of Putri Parasi. Although, there are still some traces of her teaching inside Teyi which reflect in the way she behaves. She seems take the dominating position over her husband, Sapardal. Sapardal feeling about his lower position when they have been married becomes the cause of the divorce. Only two days of marriage, and Teyi considers that she has a right to sue divorce, while Sapardal can only keep silent without any comment. In this relationship, Sapardal as a man who actually considered as ‘the dominating’ take the role as ‘the dominated’. He does not feel on the same level with Teyi. He admits that he has no power compared to Teyi. He even has no courage to touch her in their first night of marriage. Here, we can see the role between man and woman has shifted. Brata seems to show us that the role of people in the society is like running on the moving wheel. The dominating and dominated are only a symbol of someone position, which also can be shifted based on where we are standing. Sapardal may fail in maintaining his position as superior in front of Teyi. The cultural change also appears in this novel. Sexual intercourse is not considered as a sacral any longer for almost all the women in this novel. During my reading, I wonder if I read Indonesian culture literary work, especially belong to Javanese one. However, Brata wrote the novel using the Indonesian condition in the past, in the colonial occupation. In this situation, it is not easy to determine which one who still hold the original value since the influence of other ideology come into the life in that simple way. The force of a new ideology input is not directly felt in this novel. The indigenous people enjoy the acculturation between the dominated and the dominating. It also happens in the shifting of the way they see sexual intercourse actually is. What we call as a taboo becomes commonly conducted by the people. Teyi is defined as a free woman, even she has been married and becomes a wife of Sapardal, and she breaks the rule by having intercourse with Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi. It seems that she wants to take a revenge to Dumilah who is considered had cheated her by having romantic affair with her master. Sapardal can not do anything. He has failed to become a good husband. This thinking is from his own side. When we look at this phenomenon, again, Teyi proves that she has had a power over a man from her own society. She starts to have a right to consider a man like Sapardal is not at the same level with her. However, in my opinion it will not happen if Sapardal never has the way of thinking. Actually, he has thought that she is great and different from the other woman in his environment before they are married. That makes he has no courage to touch her at their first night. It also makes Teyi feels not being regarding or respecting as a wife. She thinks that Sapardal has no desire toward her, and she thinks that it is better to ask divorce. What a short way of thinking! I found that Teyi has put a wrong way of thinking about what Putri Parasi had taught to her. It seems that she does not consider marriage as a sacral relationship any longer. ‘Love’ relationship has been considered as a ‘real’ relationship when we have passion to have sex with our couple. Is that so simple? That is the way Teyi think about love basically. It is shown also when she does not mind to have sex with her ex-master, Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi, and then she starts to love someone else, Ndara Mas Kus. There is no any guilty feeling. Finally, we can conclude that there are three aspect of postcolonial reading for Gadis Tangsi has been discussed above. First, hybridity appears when Teyi finds herself has involved and being a part of Putri Parasi’s society, Keraton environment since she has been able to behave and speak like her, so she considers that she is a part of Putri community. While she has that feeling, she still can not avoid other people consideration about her who is only becoming a servant and will not become like them. Second, dominating feeling toward Sapardal comes into her mind. There is dominating-dominated in shifting model between them. It seems a denial for a man who usually considered as the dominating one, while Teyi proves that it can be shifted. Last, ‘Otherness’ theory also emerges in this novel. After having taught to have attitude and behave like Putri Parasi model, Teyi finally considers herself different with other woman in her society. It appears in the way she treats Dumilah who is her old friend. She thinks that Dumilah has no right to become ‘a munci’ of Ndara Tuan Kapten Sarjubehi because she is not at the same level with her or Ndara. Reference Ashcroft, Bill, et. al. 1946. The Empire Writes Back. London : Routledge Barry, Peter. 1824. Beginning Theory. Manchester : Manchester University Press Brata, Suparto. 2004. Gadis Tangsi. Jakarta : Kompas Reilly, John. 1978. Critical Approaches to Ethnic Literature. London : Oxford University Press

Lead :: essays research papers

Lead is a lustrous, silvery metal that tarnishes in the presence of air and becomes a dull bluish gray. Soft and flexible, it has a low melting point (327 Â °C). Its chemical symbol, Pb, is from plumbum, the Latin word for waterworks, because of lead's extensive use in ancient water pipes. Itsatomic number is 82; its atomic weight is 207.19. Lead and lead compounds can be highly toxic when eaten or inhaled. Although lead is absorbed very slowly into the body, its rate of excretion is even slower. Thus, with constant exposure, lead accumulates gradually in the body. It is absorbed by the red blood cells and circulated through the body where it becomes concentrated in the soft tissues, especially the liver and kidneys. Lead can cause damage in the central nervous system and apparently can damage the cells making up the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from many harmful chemicals. Symptoms of lead poisoning include loss of appetite, weakness, anemia, vomiting, and convulsions, sometimes leading to permanent brain damage or death. Children who ingest chips of old, lead-containing paint or are exposed to dust from the deterioration of such paint may exhibit symptoms. Levels of environmental lead considered nontoxic may also be involved in increased hypertension in a significant number of persons, according to studies released in the mid-1980s. As a result, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control in recent years have been revising downward the levels of environmental lead that it would consider safe. At one time, lead poisoning was common among those who worked with lead, but such workplace hazards have been largely curtailed. Lead has been used by humans since ancient times. It was used in ancient Egypt in coins, weights, ornaments, utensils, ceramic glazes, and solder. Lead is mentioned in the Old Testament. The Romans conveyed drinking water in lead pipes, some of which are still in operation. Roman slaves extracted and prepared the lead, describes a disease among the slaves that was clearly lead poisoning. Because of their potential toxicity, lead water pipes are no longer being installed. The greatest single use of lead metal today is in the plates of storage batteries for automobiles. The protective oxidation layer formed by lead in contact with such substances as air, sulfuric acid, and fluorine makes it highly resistant to corrosion. For this reason, lead has been used to make drainage pipes and lead chambers in sulfuric acid factories. It is also used as a roofing material. The softness and malleability of lead make it useful for sheathing telephone and television cables. Lead is used in solder because of its low melting point. When combined with tin, lead forms solder

Analysis of Variance Essay

How would you explain the analysis of variance, assuming that your audience has not had a statistics class before? When one does a study of data, generally this implies an evaluation of the â€Å"mean† or average of that data. .i.e. What is the average time it takes a 5th grader to complete his final math exam? A t test is used to test differences between two means. i.e. the mean of the experiment group vs a control group. An ANOVA test, on the other hand, is indicated when there are three or more means or populations to be examined. When only two samples are looked at, the t test and ANOVA test will yield the same results. Beyond two examples, the t test can be used to evaluate other means using many t tests, but this method becomes unreliable and subject to increased error. ANOVA or analysis of variance allows one to use statistics to test the differences between two or more means and decreases the probability for a type 1 error, which might occur when looking at multiple two-sample t tests. This is why use of the ANOVA is indicated for testing hypotheses where there are multiple means or populations. ANOVAs essentially takes the t test and applies it when testing or comparing three or more groups, means or variables. Example experiment: Study different types of protein consumption on weight gain. Is the effect of each type of protein consumption on weight gain significantly similar or different? 50 men total, 10 men per group, each group fed equal amount of protein calories but from different type of protein classification. One way ANOVA – looking at effect of 5 different feeding strategies to increase weight gain. (i.e. high natural red meat protein diet, high vegetable protein diet, high protein powder diet, high fish protein diet, etc.). This is a one way ANOVA study because there is only one category (protein) that will be examined, as it relates to its effect on weight gain. It is balanced as there are an equal number of men (10) consuming the same type of protein. Simplistically put, the study will give us information as to whether or not each type of protein produces similar or different results (weight gain). Two way ANOVA, as the name implies, includes the addition of a second variable that may be looked at as affecting weight gain. i.e. amount of exercise. Three way ANOVA, as the name implies, includes the addition of a third variable. i.e. consumption of â€Å"other calories†. In the end, the experiment may lead one to conclude that different types of protein consumption leads to weight gain. Unfortunately, experiments are never that cut and dry, and there are always other variables that must be accounted for. There is what’s called â€Å"error† due to â€Å"chance† and â€Å"beyond human control† or â€Å"variation† associated with â€Å"assignable causes†. An F test must be used to compare these errors and/or variations, to determine if the population variances are the same or different. If the variances are the same or equal, the F ratio will be 1. This will allow one to complete their study / experiment and make final conclusions. References: https://explorable.com/anova http://onlinestatbook.com/2/analysis_of_variance/intro.html https://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch13-f.html

Nick’s Development in “The Great Gatsby” Essay

Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story, reminiscences of the summer he met Gatsby. He had just returned to America from WWI, where he had glimpsed everything from freedom to death. His horizons had been broadened significantly, so when he returned after the war, he felt stifled in the Midwest; thus his longing for the decadent and fantastic lifestyle of New York, but the problem with the fantastic is that it rarely has anything to offer beneath the surface. When he first arrives in New York, Nick is fascinated by the lives of the wealthy and the freedom they embody. However, as the novel progresses, he sees the impact of this behavior on the lives of others; he recognizes the atrocities that the elite of society commit toward those they consider beneath them. Daisy and Tom are too superficial and absorbed in living in wealth and Gatsby set himself a dream as a young child and has stuck to that throughout his life. Nick sees so many corrupt acts around him that he first tries to block them out, by acting artifical to fit in. However, once he realises that the people he is surrounding themselves with are liars and frauds, he begins to distance himself from them. The first obvious instance of this is when Gatsby is ‘watching over’ Daisy, and Nick narrates that â€Å"He [Gatsby] was clutching at some last hope and I couldn’t bare to shake him free. † This quote displays how Nick has given up on Gatsby and society’s superficiality and corrupt doings. This is one of the major instances of change in Nick’s life. By his thirtieth birthday, Nick realizes that this crazy, superficial lifestyle is not what he desires at all, and that he misses the wholesomeness of the Midwest. In this sense, Nick becomes rather representative of the 1920s: the turmoil and free living of the early part of the decade leading into the conservative 1930s. After witnessing the unraveling of Gatsby’s dream and presiding over the appalling spectacle of Gatsby’s funeral, Nick realizes that the fast life of revelry on the East Coast is a cover for the terrifying moral emptiness that the valley of ashes symbolizes. Having gained the maturity that this insight demonstrates, he returns to Minnesota in search of a quieter life structured by more traditional moral values.

Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK

Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK Introduction Kindergartens are very important in the education system of different countries. In most countries it is compulsory while in some it is optional. Kindergartens are the foundational classes for education. The kindergarten helps shape the child’s attitudes towards education. They are also believed to have an impact on the child’s performance in their future.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kindergarten refers to the beginning of primary school education and is sometimes compulsory. Children who attend kindergarten are between 4-5 years and sometimes 6 years. Kindergartens are experience based training for children so that they learn how to read, write and interact with others in a group. Graham (2009, p. 1) points out that in the United Kingdom (UK), the word ‘year’ is equivalent to grad e in the US. Another terminology for clarification is ‘public school’. In UK public school is an institution that privately owned while in the United States (US) it is an institution funded by the government. An equivalent name for kindergarten in UK is preschool. Sometimes nursery may be used. All these names refer to the education that is given to schools or students who are about to join the first grade or the first year of school. This essay will compare and contrast the kindergarten programs in US and in UK. Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK Curriculum Curriculum is the organized activities that are relevant to a specific time of learning. The curriculum enables students to learn and understand. It also makes note of the differences in abilities and is designed to be applicable to diverse students. Another aspect of kindergarten curriculum that is identical in the US and in the UK is the fact that it encompasses a lot of play and experienced learn ing. The curriculum makes the child not to experience any form of failure in their experience based play. Furthermore, the curriculum motivates children to learn. Another similarity between US and UK kindergartens is that the curriculum pays attention to the needs of the children. The programs encourage the students to interact with their environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They explore the environment by encouraging creativity and explorative activities that are exiting. Although the child at times may wish to play individually, group activities are encouraged as they learn to interact with their age group and their parents. The curriculum develops the personality of the student. In both US and UK, activities that foster self esteem and self-discipline are incorporated. Some students who demonstrate leadership abilities are also nurtured. Decision making t hrough informal play is encouraged so that they learn how to make choices for themselves. The curriculums also have a range of skill based training that teach the student concentration capability. They also learn to be independent and to express themselves. The curriculum in both US and UK incorporates a lot of storytelling and music in the curriculum. Therefore, there is a variety in the curriculum that permits children to learn. There are other programs that are incorporated in the school curriculum both US and UK. The kindergarten is taught to write their name, their home address, a mobile number telephone number that belong to the parent and their birth day. These programs are personalized according to individual needs. Progress reports are given to the parents or guardians of the children at least once a year. Some institutions also offer three times a year. There are parent’s day meetings that are held twice or thrice per year and the parents are encouraged to attend al l. Feeding the children is an important part of development and kindergartens ensure that children carry snacks for their break. Parents are given an option whether to feed their children in schools lunch program or to sent their children to school with lunch. Birthdays can also be celebrated in the kindergarten if the parent sent some goodies to be shared in the class. According to Waldfogel (2007, p. 126) absenteeism is discouraged in both UK and US. Parents and guardians are required to call and notify the teacher that the child will be absent whatever the reason. Failure to call the kindergartens calls to find out what is the cause.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Comparing Kindergarten programs in the US to the UK specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Absenteeism is discouraged and so is lateness when reporting to the school. Kindergartens are very strict in getting the contacts of the parent. The address o r telephone number given. It must be correct and available so that incase of sickness the parent is notified. In accordance with Northern Ireland Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment (2007, p. 7) the UK curriculum identifies development and experience based learning as key components of their curriculum. Development as a component covers the physical development, emotional development, social development, personality development, language development and innovative development. Experience as a component includes experience with the environment, basic mathematical experiences and scientific experiences as well as technology experiences. On the other hand, US students of kindergarten are given a curriculum that is enabling as pointed out by Roosevelt (2007, p. 1). Depending on the development of the student the child is guided according to their ability to write, read, listen, recognize and emulate. The child is introduced to phonics where they learn about words and letters and their relationship. Besides writing, they are also taught mathematics, science, social study, physical education and musical art and individual skills. The UK curriculum introduces the experimental activities far much earlier before the child has mastered the art of language. Children need to learn oral language simultaneously with play so that they can learn how to present themselves in speech. In the US, the curriculum introduces the language skills in both writing and speech and mandatory before joining the first grade. Thus student achieve competence in experimental activities and in spoken language.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In both UK and US, the curriculum is monitored by the government so that it adopts certain standards that are required by the government. In most cases the government based curriculum is adopted by the kindergarten s that are fully or partially funded by the government, preschools that are funded by the students can adopt other curriculum including the international curriculum. Another contrast between US and UK is that the UK sometimes includes religious education in their subjects. The US institution should not offer religious education to students unless it is in a home school system. Learning in the US is interactive when compared with the UK. Students in the US kindergarten programs have a variety of subjects that entail playing and experimenting and group work. On the other hand UK has programs that participate in interactive activities but are not as extensive as those found in the US. Consequently, some US institutions have adopted the group test which is used as an examinat ion before joining the first grade. In both countries, the children are taught to be independent and to perform some basic tasks for themselves. Apart from knowing their names they are taught to make choices for themselves and to socialize in groups. Among the subjects taught include use of technology. They are taught how to operate a phone. Teaching aids are very common in the privately owned kindergartens. The children are taught with television programs and even computer games that enable them learn and develop. Slow learners are given programs that will enable them catch up with the rest of the group. Health The US curriculum pays attention to physical exercises. This is because obesity among children in the US has been found to be more prevalent. The physical activities help the children remain physically fit and reduce their body weight. There are teachers with special training on physical exercises. These activities are very helpful because they are not available at home. Tea chers encourage parents to send their children to school with snack with low fat. Kindergartens also ensure that the children’s play ground is safe. Without limits children will enjoy playing. It has been noted that at the kindergarten level children tend to play a lot and reduce their playful activities as they grow up. Teachers therefore encourage play and introduce physical education. Some teachers discourage television and computer games because they perceive them as learning methodologies that does not involve physical exercise. This is so even in the UK where teachers prefer learning activities that are experimental and involve play. In both UK and USA teachers are trained to be sensitive to the health needs of the kindergarten. In the UK it is mandatory that teacher have first aid training and psychology. This enables them deal with individual needs of the children. Similarly, US teacher of Kindergarten are required to train in psychology as part of their bachelors deg ree course. During admission, the child will disclose if they have any health problems in their file. The contact of the guardians is also given and the preferred way of handling the matter in case there is an emergency. Most schools may have a school clinic or a school nurse who is always present to provide health care. Nurses give first aid like dressing wounds, attending broken ankles among other things. Teacher qualification Kindergarten teacher shape the child’s attitude towards education because they interact with the children at their early stages of learning in life. In the US kindergarten teachers have a bachelor’s degree. Those who want to teach in state funded schools must have a license to practice. Various states have differences in their approach towards licensure. Some have attractive offers that encourage people to join the kindergarten profession. This is so especially in vacancies that are hard to fill. Mathematics, and science teachers are rare to ge t and they are given good packages so that they may stay in the job. Bilingual teachers are also on demand. Sometimes teachers shun away from unfavorable districts and prefer others in the prime areas. The teacher must have the ability to communicate. Communication involves giving instructions to students and listening to them. Their approach should stimulate self confidence of the child and foster trust. What is more is that they inspire and motivate the students to learn. Competent teachers know the individual needs of each child in their class. In their training teachers are primarily taught the basic subjects required by the kindergarten students. Additionally they are educated on professional subjects such as teaching methods, psychology and philosophy. Before completion of their studies they are required to enroll for educational programs. All teachers are taught to incorporate computers in their teaching. Qualified teachers must be accredited by â€Å"National Council for Ac creditation of Teacher Education† or â€Å"the Teacher Education Accreditation Council† (Occupational outlook Handbook, 2011, p. 1). Accreditation does not guarantee that one is qualified to be a teacher; it makes licensure easier. There are professional institutions that make it possible for students to have a one year experience following their bachelor’s degree completion. The experience is attained with the supervision of a qualified professional kindergarten teacher. The license is obtained from the â€Å"State Board of Education† (Occupational outlook Handbook, 2011, p. 1). The criterions for licensure depend on the states. It is clear that apart from a bachelor’s degree, every state requires the teacher to have a defined area of work they are capable of. It may be a range of subjects or a specialty in music and art among others. Their internship must be supervised by a professional licensed teacher and a list of and their credits. Some states expect the teacher to upgrade their education with a master’s degree after a period of time. Also before the license is given, a professional exam that tests the performance of the teacher is undertaken. States have also implemented the minimum time that a licensed teacher should spend with the student. Failure to which will result to non renewal of their license. Being knowledgeable in the subject taught cannot be compromised and thus training for those who are not competent is available. After successful training one can apply for a license. Besides academic qualification, the personality of the teacher is also significant. They are required to model the kindergartens. It is important the teacher shows neutrality in religious views and understand the cultural background of the different kindergartens. The teacher may have to use different teaching methodologies for instance to address different needs of the kindergartens in the same class. Innovativeness, patience and orga nizational skills are also considered as part of the requirements. Teachers can acquire national certificates. The benefits of the certificate include that of mobility to other states. Teaching is progressive and teachers can become librarians or administrators after they have gained experience. Organizational skill is emphasized in both UK and US. The teacher must ensure that the students are safe and that the environment is conducive for them. Moreover, they must generate, file and keep the records of the class in such a manner that they can be retrieved easily whenever needed. They must also update them frequently. A diploma is usually adequate to qualify a teacher in the kindergarten or childcare that is owned by the government. Those who want to teach in schools funded by the student’s tuition then they are required to have a bachelor’s degree and to have a license. Training is not being compulsory in some states. Teachers’ training is important and some ta ke the initiative of participating in development sessions that foster professionalism. Similarly to the US, the UK teachers are trained in specialized subject depending on their abilities. Teachers in a kindergarten or in a preschool setting are also trained to deal with special children. In the UK, it is compulsory for every teacher in the preschool to have training on children with disability and children who need special care. This is because they are likely to encounter such children and will be informed to offer the best training depending on the needs of the child. The US does not make it compulsory although having such knowledge will place a candidate as a competent employee. The US has a program for children who are disabled and with special needs. The program enables such children to access education without meeting any cost for their tuition; thus it is free education for them. In US children with disabilities must attend government sponsored institutions to access the fr ee education. This is applicable to children irrespective of their race. These children with special needs are given a test that will reveal their actual needs so that they are given personalized attention by the teacher. This is done with the consent of the parent or the guardian. The kindergartens ensure that the environment for such children is guarded and restriction may be necessary. Prior to being granted a teaching post a preschool teacher must have completed and passed the first aid test. This skills enable the teacher be well equipped to deal with emergencies. This is applicable in both US and UK. Admission In both UK and US, there are preschools that are preferred over others because they offer good services. Guardians apply to the schools directly. If the admissions are oversubscribed, the schools may rank the children or conduct some interviews that will enable them select the children for admission. Children in UK are admitted to preschool after their third birthday. In the US children are first admitted in preschool as early as 18 months. They enroll in preschool before kindergartens. Parents choose when to take their children to school and have the sole responsibility of ensuring they begin their education. Factors that are considered when admitting the children include proximity and their needs. Kindergarten admissions in the UK can be very competitive as revealed by the Newcastle City Council (2011). Application can be obtained from the institution or online from the internet. When the applications are oversubscribed, some institutions give priority to children with special needs and those from public care. Others who are give priority are those with siblings enrolled in the same institutions or another institute that is associated with the preschool. The proximity of the school is also considered. There are other social related problems that may be considered. They include: separation of the family, if the child comes from a family that excee ds three children who are below five years of age and the home environment is not conducive for the growth of the child. Another reason for giving priority in the admission is the children with language difficulties because it is a foreign language, those with medical or psychological needs and those who are slow learners. Guardians or parent cannot appeal so that their child is offered an opportunity to study in a competitive kindergarten (Newcastle City Council, 2011, p. 1). In the US competitive kindergartens are a major challenge for those who need to get their children admitted. There are different types of test: some test by telling the child to recite the alphabet from the last letter. In the past some have asked the candidate to stand on one foot and which has been criticized. For the competent schools, the tests that are given are sometimes very challenging and may require preparation. The parents already know the test and teach their children what to do to secure a place. They teach them the group tests which reveal their ability to adapt in a different situation, confidence, and leadership skills. They also test for skills in writing, listening and reading (Banjo, 2010, p.1). In UK, the children are required to attend four or five terms of preschool education before joining the mandatory education. The parent chooses when to take the child to preschool. Children who join school at a tender age may belong to working mothers. They begin with programs that encourage creativity and play. They also begin to familiarize with the curriculum early hence they are in better position to perform well. The number of students in a class differs. In UK classes are relatively larger than in the US. Kindergartens in the UK admit a larger number of students in class and also have big study groups for the children. Contrary, the US has a small number of students in kindergarten classes with smaller groups. Consequently, students in US have a one on one contact with th e teacher for an extended time than in the UK. Both UK and USA kindergartens have foreign students. The US is strict on the registration of the child and the parent or guardian. Usually the state takes hold of the license or the driving license of the parent. In the UK registration is not compulsory. In both UK and US competitive kindergartens are very costly. Some kindergartens are prestigious and are considered to be for the rich. The cost of the kindergarten schools may actually force a parent with a competent grade to join another institution. What is more is that the schools funded by the tuition of the student (private schools) perform better than the schools funded by the government. The programs are well reviewed and are more intense and professional. Teachers are well paid and the posts are highly competitive. It is believed that children in private schools have an advantage over the other. The private schools are concentrated in the cities while the government sponsored sc hools are concentrated in the rural areas. However, there are few private schools in the rural when compared to the government sponsored ones and few public or government sponsored when compared to the private schools in the urban centers. Retention Retention can occur when a child remains in the kindergarten for long without being promoted to the next level of study. The UK and the US have different approaches to retention. In the UK students must attend preschool before joining the school first year of study. The examination that is given to student prior to joining may result to retention if the child does not qualify. The teacher determines if the child will need additional time of study before joining school. After the child’s retention, they must undergo the same examination in the next admission. If the child is not qualified retention happens again. This kind of system has an impact on the child because the child will be forced to delay and will join a different age g roup. In contrast the US education system may not encourage retention. In some states kindergartens are not compulsory. Students may join the first grade without going to a kindergarten. When a child misses a chance in a competitive kindergarten, they have other options of admitting their child in another kindergarten. Moreover, children begin going to school much earlier hence they become competent and can secure places in the first grade (Waldfogel, 2007). Education system In both US and UK, the kindergarten classes are the foundational classes for the students before they begin their academic learning. Students are taught basic subjects that cover mathematics, science, language and art. However, the kindergarten in the US is also part of the primary education. On the other hand UK categorizes the preschool classes as part of the preschool. Another difference between US and UK is that of identifying the level of study. The US uses the word grade to denote the level of study, while UK uses year to identify the level of study. Waldfogel (2007) points out that the UK is strict on the qualification of the kindergartens from the before they go to the first year of study. This causes some to delay and may end up joining a younger age group. More so, in the UK students must attend kindergartens prior to the first year at school. On the contrary the kindergarten is not compulsory in the US. This is because some states do not need the child to go to a kindergarten before joining the first grade. The US allows for home school system. Home school system is recognized by the government as long as they have met the requirements of the education system and have been approved. The home school systems have been adopted by some parents and guardians who do not prefer the private and public schools. This is because they may want to incorporate religious education, value systems and morality that are not offered in school. Some may want to prevent their children for certain va lue systems that are contrary to their beliefs. These children are disadvantaged in that they may fail to socialize and perform poorly academically. The UK government sponsors the schools via the local government. Preschools not funded by the government raise their funds from the student’s tuition. This is also similar in the US where the governments fund the public institutions. However, the government does not fund all the public institutions fully. The US has standardized tests that are administered in public schools. The taste represent represents the lowest level of education a student is expected to attain in a specific level. The student is also required to show progress. Failure to show progress will result to remedial classes that go on during vocation. This is because the child may need assistance to improve on their grades. The US has standardized the education system and supports the standardized test financially. This standardization sets the minimal requirement. The standardized test is reviewed by each state so as to come up with own standards that correspond with the states environment and situations. This standard ensures that the quality of education remains high in the US. Moreover it emphasizes credibility within the teachers. Moreover, children with low standards of education are likely to be raised. Kindergartens that persistently continue performing poorly are supposed to follow some steps that will guide it to improve. The outcome of the standardized test is accumulative improvement for kindergartens that have continually taken the test. Discipline Both US and UK have included discipline in their preschool. Caning is discouraged and forbidden at the institutions. Teachers foster discipline by rewarding good work. Correction of bad behaviors done immediately the child is caught in misconduct. Praising good behaviors is the best way to motivate the children to maintain discipline. The kindergarten students have not developed judgme nt hence the teacher must be understanding and show consistency in their correction. Moreover, children learn by imitation and the teacher must be the role model. Grades In UK every institution has a way of grading the students while in US the grading system is recognized and funded by the government. The grades determine the progress of the child and are often used to rank the students. In both countries the grades are inclusive of the course work and are given inform of percentage. The grades are sometimes used to promote the child to the next grade or year of study. The grades are indicated in the child’s progress report. Parents Parents make important decisions for the children. They are responsible for choosing a kindergarten for their child and meeting the requirements. In the US and UK parents must provide contacts and be available on parents day. Parents must also ensure that the child attends school every day and give consent in case of absenteeism. They are also sup posed to communicate with the school teacher concerning immunization and providing health information. This is because the child may have allergies that can be avoided when the child is within the school. In case of medical emergencies, the child health record will be helpful. Parents also follow the progress report and the development of the child. They also assist their children with their home work and foster what the child has been taught. Children are likely to perform well in school if their parents assist them to do homework. They also ensure that their school supplies or learning materials are available. The parents are also required to dress the children in a manner that is comfortable. They are supposed to cloth the children in cloths that are easy to button and to unbutton so that they do not need assistance when going to the washrooms. All these are similar in both countries. Lacey (2010, p. 1) notes that parents are important in developing the ability of the child to le arn irrespective of their country. In both UK and US some school teachers help children develop gifts for their parents. These are some form of teaching aid. Parents are advised to encourage the children by accepting the gifts. These gifts are colored papers in different shape. Children therefore learn to express themselves if they are not discouraged to express themselves. The parents can even initiate other activities such as tracing the shape of the hand and coloring it. The parents can also read stories and listen to the child. Moreover the parent can encourage behaviors that are Tuition In line with Directgov (2011, p. 1) the UK government has entitled every child to fifteen weeks of thirty eight hours of free education before the first year at school. This means that irrespective of whether the child’s parents are working or not the child is entitled to the free hours. The services are available and parents and their children can approach them through the family agency in the area. Working parents can recover up to 70% of the tuition paid for their children if they apply for child tax. This tax is applicable to all the children one has. For the unemployed parents, the full tuition or part of the tuition can be obtained from a government program that is designed to assist such parents. Another avenue for getting help is when the parent is below twenty years and they are students. The parent who is also a student can be able to continue studying and support own child to go to the kindergarten. Employers are also a source of tuition for children. Some employers specify the number of children they are going to sponsor for the employees as part of their pay package. Such parents are able to educate their children in the competent kindergartens that they desire. On the other hand the US governments emphasize the right to education and so every child has an opportunity to get educated. The government funds some kindergartens either fully or partially. Li ke in the UK, some employers have offered to pay the children’s schools fees. The tuition just like in the UK vary from one kindergarten to the other depending on the services offered Length of school day for students In line with Sharp (2010, p. 2) the kindergarten students are between two and a half hours and three hours in both UK and US. This is the standard time set by the government that at includes the time that is involved in teaching. Time for lunch and break are not included. Some in institutions may extent a little for the benefit of the child. The students in UK have been found to differ from those in the US due to the time involved. In US children join grade one after the age of six or seven and are found to have more competent skills in writing, reading and are able to integrate well in the next level. on the other hand students in the UK are ready to join the next level after five years. When compared with other graduates from kindergarten in the US, they have not achieved the same skills. This is partly because they have spent little time before joining the school level. Therefore, if preschool time could be extended with one year, the kindergarten students in UK would achieve the required skills. The length of hours spend in the kindergarten may vary from one preschool to another in both US and UK. The schools that offer full day classes are preferred by the working mothers. A large part of the day is spent in playing activities and break. Some institutions approach these classes in an informal manner. The half day classes are more formal with reduced breaks and play. The half day kindergartens also have short breaks. Conclusion The US and UK kindergartens are highly regarded and are seen as a significant stage in education. The UK refers the kindergarten as the preschool and sometimes as the nursery. The kindergarten is the class that students undergo before they join the first grade in US or the first year of school in UK. Students ar e normally between five years to seven years old although in UK the age may be four years. Thus students in UK join the school when they are younger than US. Kindergartens in US are optional in some states. In UK the child must have some form of preschool education before joining. The curriculum covers a wide range of subjects that include mathematics, science, social studies, environment, technology, arts and language in both countries. The UK may include other subjects like religious studies which are not taught in the US. Physical education is taught in both countries with the US emphasizing the programs that are healthy and reduce the rate of obesity. The curriculum also pays attention to the kindergartens development in areas like physical, emotional, social, personal, language and innovative developments. The curriculum is accommodative of all children’s needs. It is based on experience and a lot of playful activities. Teaching aids include among others television, comp uters and musical songs. Children’s health is important and the details are given to the administration. Parents must give the school their contacts so that they can be contacted easily in case of sickness. Also the school may have a clinic or a school nurse to give first aid. Teachers in both UK and US must be trained and qualified. They must also poses good communication skills, be patient and demonstrate ability to deal with the kindergarten. They should also pose a valid license for practicing. US teachers differ from those in UK in that they must have a bachelor’s degree and be certified as well have undergo supervised internship for a year and obtain a license. The kindergarten teachers in UK need to be holders of a diploma or a degree and then obtain a license. Sometimes teachers can practice without a license in UK. Admission is very competitive in some kindergartens and may require an interview in the US or follow the Criteria in the UK. In both countries the private kindergartens are preferred to the state owned because they perform better. However the tuition for the kindergartens is very high. Kindergartens may be sponsored by the government or obtain funding form students school fees. The kindergartens spend two and half hours to three hours in both countries. Kindergartens that are full day are preferred by working mothers and have allocated most of the time to playing, half day kindergartens concentrate on academics. The education system includes the US kindergarten in the school program while in UK it is part of the preschool. Teachers and parents are both responsible of impacting discipline. Parents assist their children with home work in both countries. Retention is prevalent in UK where the requirements are strict. In US children can join school without going to kindergarten in some states. Reference List Banjo, S. (2010). How to practice for the private-school play date. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/metropolis/2010/08/1 8/how-to-practice-for-the- private-school-playdate/ Directgov (2011). Getting help with preschool education. Retrieved from direct.gov.uk/en/Parents/Preschooldevelopmentandlearning/Nurseries PlaygroupsReceptionClasses/DG_4002825 Graham, L. (2009). UK School system. Retrieved from fulbright.co.uk/study-in-the-uk/k-12-study/uk-school-system Northern Ireland Council for the Curriculum, Examinations and Assessment. (2007).  Curricular guidance for Pre-school education. Retrieved from deni.gov.uk/preschool_curricular-2.pdf Lacey, B. (2010). Gifts for Parents from Preschool Children. Retrieved from ehow.co.uk/list_7208154_gifts-parents-preschool-children.html Newcastle City Council. (2011). Starting nursery school. Retrieved from newcastle.gov.uk/core.nsf/a/nurseryhome Occupational outlook Handbook. (2011). Teachers- Kindergarten, elementary, middle,  and secondary. Retrieved from bls.gov/oco/ocos318.htm Roosevelt. (2007). Kindergarten Curriculum Retrieved from iowa-city.k12.ia.us/Sch ools/Roosevelt/Learning/KCurric.htm Sharp, C. (2010). Age of starting school and the early year’s curriculum. Retrieved from nfer.ac.uk/publications/44417/44417bibliography.pdf Waldfogel, J. (2007). Welfare reforms and child well-being in the US and UK. Swedish  Economic Policy Review, 126. Waldfogel, J. Washbrook, E. (2011). Early years policy. Child Development  Research, 343016.

PAPER 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PAPER 1 - Essay Example However, one thing to note is that international relations have existed as long as states and that states are sovereign and are guided by informal rules in their relations. The purpose of this paper is to describe an international event of conflict or cooperation that has occurred since 1980, and evaluate it using theoretical approaches to international relations. There are many theories such as realism, liberalism/idealism, constructivism, Marxism and feminism, but the paper will focus on liberalism and Marxism. First, a brief summary of the international event will be given in order to understand how, where and when it occurred and to explain how it can be understood as an international event. Secondly, theories of international relations (liberalism and Marxism) will be used to discuss the reasons why the event occurred. This will give the roles played by the state, non-state actors, multinational corporations, etc. Thirdly, strengths and weaknesses of the two theories in explaini ng the event will be evaluated and a conclusion made about which theory is the most effective in explaining the event. ... Both first world and third world economies were not spared and are still recovering from the effects of the crisis. The crisis began due to an asset bubble bursting. Economists have blamed the event on monetary policy failure and deregulation of financial institutions, but international relations theorists have different versions of the reasons for the crisis. Financial institutions were not mitigating risks but instead making risky investments in form of mortgage backed securities (Davies, 2010). Housing prices had gone up and the government through mortgage lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac was encouraging low income earners to take up mortgages at low interest rates. The financial institutions saw an opportunity to gain and thus gave mortgages even to subprime borrowers. Mortgage brokers sold the mortgage to banks which, in turn, bundled it into products which they securitized. They borrowed money from other banks to buy mortgages and securitize thus high earnings. The interests were later to rise and home owners were unable to pay mortgages, leading to mass repossession of houses and the housing bubble burst (Kolb, 2010). Financial institutions could not lend to borrowers anymore, leading to a credit crunch and slow economic growth. Financial institutions such as Northern Rock, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch collapsed. Other casualties were insurance companies and stock markets due to falling share prices. A $700 bailout was offered by the Bush administration among other measures, but the economy was badly affected (Davis, 2010). Credit tightening and massive bailouts by US, UK and other western countries were a blow to third world countries that rely on foreign aid for development.

Aims of the Law and the Common Good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aims of the Law and the Common Good - Essay Example The discussion will focus on the relationship between these issues and the provisions of specific laws, including the statutory provisions, constitutional provisions and legal opinions. The aim of this paper is to develop philosophical arguments, critiquing various arguments on the proper aims of law. a) Laws Permitting or Prohibiting Gay Marriage; The role of the law is among other things, to create solutions to the problems that are said to arise when community’s lives face difficulties. It is clear that any law should appreciate the rules of change, while seeking to adjudicate the difficulties it is created to resolve. The laws that either prohibit or permit gay marriage can be said to be introducing new social rules. The Congress in 1996 approved the Defense of Marriage Act, which sought to prevent the Federal Government from recognizing same sex marriages (Canale et al., 2009). The law also mandated states from recognizing same sex marriages that had been celebrated in ot her states. However, in certain states, same sex marriages are permitted while other states seek to acknowledge same sex marriages celebrated in other jurisdictions. States like Maryland have passed laws legalizing same sex marriages, but are subjecting them to referendum during the 2012 elections. The controversy surrounding same sex marriages is not spared in the courts. ... trict Court of Massachusetts, held that it was a denial of federal rights to a lawfully married Massachusetts same sex couples, under the Defense Marriage Act, and this was a violation of their constitutional rights. It is clear that marriages between people of the same sex are challenged in courts, and it is fundamental for any judge to determine that aim of the law permitting or prohibiting same sex marriage. In so doing, the Judge should consider the common good of the people (Canale et al., 2009). This issue seems to be more intertwined with the theoretical underpinnings of the Utilitarianism theory which is more concerned with the normative ethics. John Stuart Mills advanced this theory with the view that the overall role of the law is to derive happiness to the greatest number in the society. The fact that same sex marriage is only recognized at the state level raises the question as to why one state would permit it, while the other state prohibits it. The definition in the Def ense Marriage Act is within the traditional customary practices of the institution of marriage. The family was the basic unit of life and it served as basic unit of life through reproduction. This definition seeks to define a marriage within the meaning of the general segment of the American society. However, the states are said to be more distinct, particularly in the development of legislation that recognizes same sex couples. It is thus submitted that marriage laws are mainly determined by the state as opposed to the federal government, thus the Defense of Marriage Act does not seek to prevent the individual states from defining marriage, as they deem fit for the purpose of meeting the common good of their constituents (Finnis, 2011). This is seen to be the utilitarian approach as