MIDTERM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MIDTERM - Essay Example The third types are pragmatists who are neither completely dependant nor neither fully critical thinkers. The fourth types are those who do not participate actively in organization and neither work for their self interest. The last type of followers are regarded as exemplary who take full part in organization and critical thinking. 2. Employee empowerment is a term used to refer to the process transfer of responsibility to delegates to carry out certain kind of work along with authority so that the employee can easily carry out a particular task (Callaway 37). Issues with empowerment include the inability and insufficient training of particular employee to handle the task on his own. Another issue is that managers believe that they will lose control if the empower employees. Certain decisions that may be acceptable to one employee may be unacceptable to another. 3. Extrinsic rewards are rewards that are physical in nature and can be easily seen, these rewards are awarded to employees for high performance (Bowditch 18) . These rewards may include increased pay and promotion. Intrinsic rewards are internal drives and motives due to which an employee might participate in working extra for the organization as he may feel that it is his responsibility to help the organization. For example; an employee taking on an assignment which was not assigned to him. 4. Herzberg stated that the factors that lead to employee satisfaction are different from factors that lead to employee dissatisfaction and this led to the creation of two factor theory (Sapru 222). These factors are recognized as motivational factors and hygiene factors. He further asserted that hygienic factors include those factors that can lead to unpleasant working condition if ignored by the organization and can lead to dissatisfaction among employees. Motivational factors are factors related to an individual’s requirement of growing further and these factors can lead to employee

Answer the 4 questions at the end of the case study

Answer the 4 questions at the end of the - Case Study Example It is evident from the report of McGowan (2004) that putting denial of market access for Mexico is unjustified due to the fact that other countries like fishing agencies of Costa Rica and Ecuador and even USA are also purse seine method to catch tuna; therefore only increasing world demand as the United States was not integrating with a particular market. Figure 1 illustrates the negative impacts to supply and demand that the imposition of an embargo imposes. Figure 1 Imposing embargo not only created trade barriers for Mexico but also caused a loss of millions of dollars for the countries involved in the dispute. It is evident from the argument of McGowan (2004) that fishermen of Mexico use purse seine methods due to non availability of alternatives; alternatives which ultimately could have saved the life of dolphins. Within such a context, a consideration of the research work of Porter (2006) reveals the fact that USA should provide knowledge and resource support to Mexico fisherme n in order to encourage the use of alternate fishing methods; instead of purse seine nets. Porter (2006) found that using purse seine nets can cause serious damage to aquatic eco-system and might even increase death threats for dolphins. However, fishermen in Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) still using purse seine nets which are posing death threat for dolphins. ... Question 2: Did the U.S. denial of market access ultimately work? Answer: The U.S. imposed a denial of market access for tuna imports from countries like Mexico, Costa Rica and Ecuador which were known to use purse seine nets. Recently, the USA and Mexico have both appealed to World Trade Organization (WTO) regarding favoritism in tuna exportation (United States Trade Representative, 2012). Mexico subsequently challenged the U.S. denial by stating that fishermen of the USA are also using purse seine nets to catch tuna. In 1992, after the meeting between USA representatives of countries whose market access was denied by U.S, Dolphin safety panels were installed in most of the nets. As could easily have been predicted, the United States denial of market access had both positive and negative impacts. Firstly, it allowed the partner nations to lose a great deal of business revenue and merely shifted the supply and demand curve for tuna throughout the regional and global markets. Secondly , it can be stated to have had a positive impact due to the fact that the United States and partner nations realized that this trade dispute was having negative impacts upon their own respective economies; thereby encouraging them to address the issue and seek to improve tuna fishing technology to better safeguard the plight of the dolphins. Due to such measures, dolphin mortality rate was decreased significantly between1986 to 1998. Figure 2: Decrease in Total Dolphin Death (Source: Czinkota & Ronkainen, 2002) However, U.S denial of market access cannot be classified as only factor behind the sharp decrease in dolphin’s mortality rate because coagulation of other